Dr. Alex Shigo Biography - Arboriculture

Dr. Alex Shigo Biography - Arboriculture Dr. Alex Shigo was generally viewed as the dad of present day arboriculture and a college prepared tree pathologist. Dr. Shigos investigation of tree science prompted a widened comprehension of compartmentalization of rot in trees. Shigos thoughts in the long run prompted numerous progressions and augmentations to business tree care rehearses and the now acknowledged approach to prune a tree. Full Name:â Dr. Alex Shigo Date of Birth:â May 8, 1930 Spot of Birth:â Duquesne, Pennsylvania Instruction: Shigo got a lone rangers of science qualification from Waynesburg College close Duquesne, Pennsylvania. In the wake of serving in the U.S. Aviation based armed forces, Shigo proceeded with his investigation of plant science, science, and hereditary qualities under his previous science teacher, Dr. Charles Bryner. Shigo moved from Duquesne and proceeded with his instruction at the University of West Virginia, where he got a blend Masters/Ph.D. in pathology in 1959. U.S. Woodland Service Career: Dr. Shigo began a profession with the United States Forest Service in 1958. His soonest task was to become familiar with tree rot. Shigo utilized a recently designed exclusive cutting apparatus to open trees in a manner nobody else had, by making longitudinal cuts along the stem as opposed to transverse cuts over the stem.His tree dissection strategy prompted numerous significant disclosures, some of which were and are disputable. Shigo accepted that trees are not comprised of for the most part dead wood yet can contain malady by making compartments. Shigo became Chief Scientist for the Forest Service and resigned in 1985. Date of Death:â Dr. Alex Shigo, 86, kicked the bucket on October 6, 2006 Situation Surrounding Death: As indicated by the Shigo and Trees, Associates site, Alex Shigo passed on Friday, October 6. He was at his mid year bungalow at the lake {Barrington, New Hampshire}, heading off to his office after supper when he fell going down the means, arrival on the porch, and kicked the bucket from a messed up neck. CODIT: Shigo found that trees react to wounds via fixing the injured zone through the procedure of compartmentalization. This hypothesis of compartmentalization of rot in trees, or CODIT, was Shigos organic talk, prompting numerous progressions and adjustments in the tree care industry. Rather than recuperating like our skin, a physical issue to a tree trunk brings about encompassing cells changing themselves synthetically and genuinely to forestall the spread of rot. New cells are created by cells coating the slice territory to cover and seal the harmed zone. Rather than trees recuperating, trees really seal. The Controversy: Dr. Shigos natural discoveries are not generally famous with arborists. Shigo questioned the legitimacy of numerous strategies that the arboricultural business has utilized for longer than a century. His work demonstrated that old strategies were demonstrated to be superfluous or, even most exceedingly terrible, destructive. In Alex Shigos protection, his decisions have been affirmed by different scientists and are presently a piece of current ANSI norms for tree pruning. Awful news is, numerous business arborists keep on performing flush cuts, garnishes, and different practices that Dr. Shigos research demonstrates to be destructive. Much of the time, arborists play out these works on realizing they are hurtful, yet accepting their business can't make due by rehearsing their art under Shigo rules.

Personal Essay Essays - 9, Music Industry, Music, Free Essays

Individual Essay Essays - 9, Music Industry, Music, Free Essays Pro Individual Essay My name is Annie Chapman and I am sixteen years of age. I began my life in 1983, in Los Angeles, quite a rural area called Culver City. From the clinic I moved into a house on Lucerne Ave with my dad Alan Berftman, my mom Mary Lee Chapman, and my more established sibling by four years, Ace. I spent barely shy of ten years in that equivalent house. While I lived in Culver City I went to a Spanish emersion grade school called El Rinclon. There I figured out how to communicate in Spanish as a subsequent language. A month prior to my tenth birthday celebration my folks chose to move to the unassuming community of Little Stone. They took responsibility for old inn called the Winnemucckah. So into the Winnemucckah we moved. I started third grade at the nearby school called Oten Valley after Christmas break. In the wake of living in the large city I was astonished at how Little Stone was contrasted with Los Angeles. Following three years of living in the lodging my folks got a separation. My dad at that point moved back to Los Angeles with an old Army-pal. When my dad left, my mom, sibling, and I moved into a house just a square from the lodging. I was going into I think seventh grade as of now, and Ace was going to Youngton High School as a sophomore. The mid year before eighth grade I chose to turn into a Christian. This was the most significant choice Ill ever make and I made it made it since I accept. While in Junior High I took part in a great deal of sports, for example, b-ball, volleyball, and snowboarding. It was in these territories that I truly became more acquainted with the three young ladies who might some time or another become my absolute best companions Christine Grossman, Emily Whitman, and Robin Otanza; they every played game with me and were additionally in my classes. In eighth grade Robin began to go to Youngton as a first year recruit, however our companionship remained. Pro graduated in 1996 from Youngton School. He went on to Loyola Marymount College for three weeks after which he dropped out and joined the Marine Corps. I was glad for Ace the entire time and keeping in mind that he was in the Marines our relationship developed structure battling kin to regarded companions. At the point when I was a green bean I genuinely developed to cherish my sibling. All through my green bean and sophomore years I kept on snowboarding yet quit playing group activities because of a sickness in my knees. I truly found an adoration in snowboarding which I despite everything have. At the point when I snowboard I feel free and with no limits. I began to snowboard more than the standard once every other week. I would discover approaches toward the end of the week as well, and at whatever point somebody would drive me. It has become an energy of mine. All through secondary school Ive figured out how to remain companions with Christine and Emily. I had each class with them and would get things done with them ordinarily after school was out. I love investing energy with them; its one of my preferred distractions. Theyve bolstered me in such things as the Lions Club Speech Contest and 4-H and whatever else I would attempt to do. They are currently progressively like my sisters since I see them regular. This year Im setting off to an alternate school then two of my closest companions which so far is extremely odd. I miss seeing them in each class and at lunch. Today was just my first day of school and they were both sitting on my lounge chair before they even needed to get up so they could watch me leave for Lone Pine. I plan on keeping these two fellowships a mind-blowing remainder. Alongside dear companions, I have an affectionate family. I see my dad about two times per month in any event and the equivalent with my grandmother, particularly now with my grandpa gone. I love to invest energy with my aunties and their families. We generally have a ton of fun. My sibling and I have kept up our dear fellowship and even with him abroad we jabber more than a portion of my companions who have their siblings in the house. Hes an extraordinary person. In my sixteen years Ive had the option to

3 Tips To Write Effective Web Content

3 Tips To Write Effective Web Content Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!3 Tips To Write Effective Web ContentUpdated On 23/04/2017Author : Jacob JoshTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozhFmR CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogIf you ask any reputed blogger, he will surely say Content is the King (Design is the Queen maybe! ?? ). Content is important for blogs. Writing an effective content for the websites is a challenging task as generally the online readers wish to take a quick peek into the content and not really spend hours on it like reading a novel or a paper. Hence, it becomes all the more important for the writer to create content that it is intriguing and sharing some useful information. There are quite few trademarks of a good content that can engage the reader’s attention for longer time. Use of appropriate keywords, powerful Call To Action, Unique Spelling Proposition, organized and concise content formatted in an appeal ing way are just a few the characteristics of good content.First of all give the summary of the information on the top of the page itself as the internet readers are quite impatient. A summary enables them to decide if it is worth to read on the content further or not.Secondly, make your point in a concise form as the internet readers need to go through lot of content. The content needs to be concise and to the point so that it can retain the interest of the reader.Thirdly, making use of heading and sub-headings can be a lot more helpful. The heading must be such that it invites the reader to read the content, while the sub-heading provides a clear line of moment of the topic from step by step.READFast and easy ways to monetize your blog in 2019Making bullets in the content is yet another successful way to get the internet reader reading your content. It makes the content easy to read and also appear to be concise and to the point. It is method that is easy to navigate and the reade r also can gain the information shared in it very easily.One important thing to bear in mind is that not all people know English exceptionally well; therefore, use the language that is difficult to understand will put off your readers. Keep the language as lucid and simple as possible. Avoiding jargons is a must unless the topic is too technical and really requires you to use jargons. Better content with attractive graphics will play important role, such design can easily get from experienced web designer from India at competitive rate.Short paragraphs can be really the biggest booster for the readers as they make the content look smaller and easy to read. Short sentences are easy to follow and hence, the reader can skim and scan the details with ease.Related Topics For Generating Good Content :Write Killer Articles For Killer Traffic8 Great Tips For Writing A Great Blog Post5 Solid Tips To Write A Better Blog Post

Formula for Ammonium Hydroxide

Ammonium hydroxide is the name given to any aqueous (water-based) solution of ammonia. In pure form, it is a clear liquid that smells strongly of ammonia. Household ammonia usually is 5-10% ammonium hydroxide solution. Other names for ammonium hydroxide are: Ammonia (e.g., household ammonia) [versus anhydrous ammonia]Aqueous ammoniaAmmonia solutionAmmonia waterAmmonia liquorAmmonical liquorSpirit of Hartshorn Chemical Formula of Ammonium Hydroxide The chemical formula of ammonium hydroxide is  NH4OH, but in practice, ammonia deprotonates some of the water, so the species found in solution are a combination of NH3,  NH4,, and OH− in water. Ammonium Hydroxide Uses Household ammonia, which is ammonium hydroxide, is a common cleaner. Its also used as a disinfectant, food leavening agent, to treat straw for cattle feed, to enhance tobacco flavor, to cycle an aquarium without fish, and as a chemical precursor for hexamethylenetetramine and ethylenediamine. In the chemistry lab, it is used for qualitative inorganic analysis and to dissolve silver oxide. Concentration of Saturated Solution Its important for chemists to realize the concentration of a saturated ammonium hydroxide solution decreases as temperature increases. If a saturated solution of ammonium hydroxide is prepared at a cool temperature and the sealed container is heated, the concentration of the solution decreases and ammonia gas can build up in the container, potentially leading it to rupture. At a minimum, unsealing the warm container releases toxic ammonia vapors. Safety Ammonia in any form is toxic, whether it is inhaled, absorbed through the skin, or ingested. Like most other bases, its also corrosive, which means it can burn skin or damage mucous membranes, such as eyes and the nasal cavity. Its also important to refrain from mixing ammonia with other household chemicals because they may react to release additional toxic fumes.

Story Line Andrea Sachs Essay - 2545 Words

Summary of story line Andrea Sachs is a young women that just graduated from Northwester University and has moved to New York City to pursue her dream job of being a journalist. However she gets a job every girl would want which is to be junior personal assistant to Miranda Priestly. Miranda is editor and chief of Runway magazine and to many in the fashion world she is seen as a goddess of fashion. At first Andrea has a hard time fitting in as she isn’t very into fashion and the other staff within Runway aren’t the friendliest people to work with. Not only are her colleagues hard to deal with but Miranda isn’t the easiest boss. However that doesn’t stop her as she is determined to just survive a year as Miranda’s assistant because it will help her get good opportunities in other jobs. When she disappoints Miranda and has a tough day she turns to one of her colleagues, Nigel. He helps her realize that she need to stop pitying herself and to work harder. He gives her a makeover so that she looks as though she fits in at work. When Nigel helps her we realize she has final been accepted by her colleagues. This helps her have the courage to get back up and not let anything hold her back. She is determined to get Miranda to like her which seems impossible as Miranda isn’t nice to anyone within the business. Then Andrea starts to feel as though her personal life is falling apart as she isn’t close with her family anymore, her boyfriend and her start having trouble and sheShow MoreRelatedThe Devils Wears Prada776 Words   |  4 PagesThe Devil Wears Prada by Lauren Weisberger is the story of Andrea Sachs, a 23 year old woman who aspires to write for The New Yorker one day. After graduating from Brown University and traveling Europe for the summer, Andrea returns home and looks for a job while staying with her friend Lily in New York. 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Friedel †Crafts Acylation Synthesis of...

Introduction Friedel-Crafts acylation of anisole with acetic anhydride was used in this experiement to synthesize 4-methoxyacetophenone with the use of a reflux apparatus. Friedel-Crafts reactions can be done by alkylation, which involves mixing an alkyl or acyl halide with a Lewis acid, or acylation, which is done with acid chlorides or anhydrides(Lefevre). Acylation was used because it does not have as many disadvantages aklyations reactions have such as polyalkylation, second electrophilic attacks, and the rearrangement of alkyl carbocation electrophile (McMurry). Acylation reactions require molar amounts of a Lewis catalyst, in our case Aluminum Chloride (AlCl 3) was used (Arata, Nakamura, Shouji). Materials and Methods Reflux†¦show more content†¦This was done for 15 minutes until there were no visible vapors coming from the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was then poured into a 50-mL beaker containing 5g of ice. The reaction flask was rinsed three times with 2 mL of dichloromethane. The rinsing was also added to the ice mixture. The mixture was transferred to a seperatory funnel. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH, 1 mL) was added to the funnel and the funnel was shaken vigorously making sure to open one end periodically to allow air to escape. The layers were allowed to separate and the two layers were poured into two separate beakers. The organic layer was poured back into the funnel and this step was repeated once more with NaOH, then again with NaCl. Once the organic layer was separated, 520g of anhydrous Magnesium Sulfate was added to dry the layer. Distilling and Crystallizing the Product The organic layer was heated for approximately 30 minutes on a hot plate to try and remove the dichloromethane. Petroleum ether (1 mL) was added to a test tube and placed in an ice bath. The product from the flask was transferred to a watch glass. The 1 mL of petroleum ether was used to wash the crystals on the watch glass and was removed using a pipet. Results With the methods used, .053g of 4-Methoxyacetophenone was obtained. Discussion The theoretical yield of 4-Methoxyacetophenone is .764g. Our actual experimental yield was .053g. The percent yield was 6.9%.

Seven Benefits of Coconut Water free essay sample

Coconut water is the purest liquid second only to water itself. It has many health benefits and uses that you probably did not know about. Many persons have gone to the Caribbean , the Pacific Islands , Florida , Hawaii , South America or Southern Asia and have tasted some very refreshing coconut water. The palm trees you have become accustomed to while on vacation are very potent sources of coconut water that has many health benefits and uses that you probably did not know about. Coconut water is the purest liquid second only to water itself. It is chock full of electrolytes, calcium, potassium, magnesium; everything that is good for you. Coconut water is the liquid that is taken from unripe coconuts. If coconuts get ripe the liquid that is inside will harden and become a part of the white flesh of the coconut, which is used to make coconut milk. So, picking the coconut while it is unripe will ensure that the body gets all the benefits of coconut water. We will write a custom essay sample on Seven Benefits of Coconut Water or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Coconut Water Hydrates the Body Coconut water is an isotonic solution which replaces the fluids and minerals that the body loses during physical activities. For this reason, many athletes and persons who work out regularly are encouraged to drink coconut water to replace all the minerals and fluid that they lose while working out. Even the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) attest to the benefits of drinking coconut water when it fought for a patent in 2000 to market coconut water as the next big sports drinks. Coconut Water Relieves Urinary Problems If you consume coconut water on a regular basis it can reduce urinary problems. People who suffer from strangury, polyutra and other urinary ailments drink coconut water to relieve their symptoms. Coconut Water Kills Intestinal Worms Drinking coconut water

The Last mercy Review Essay Example

The Last mercy Review Paper Essay on The Last mercy Canadian author Louise Penny produced numerous awards for his fine detectives in which the investigation is suave Armand Gamache, senior police inspector of Quebec. Gamache intelligent, observant and invincible these attributes characterize a well-experienced detective series. Pennys charms well-crafted mystery of an ancient family whose old unhealed wounds lead him to the ultimate destruction. Psychological acuity, and excellent prose ingenious mystery makes every book worth reading for fans of detective stories and lovers of great literature. The seasonal cycle of detectives of Senior Inspector Gamache novel begins with something to hide a dead man. Total detectives in a series of four. The latter, released this year A RULE AGAINST MURDER / (THE MURDER STONE) However, the Russian language is translated only two first novel, What hid the dead and Last mercy, which at present time and presented on the website. Once upon a time gladly read the first book of Louise Penny something to hide a corpse. Because I do not like to read the summary before reading the book, and the work itself bought only because the author does not suggest that Last mercy will be a continuation. So it was nice to get back into the Three Pines and meet its inhabitants and Inspector Gamache. We will write a custom essay sample on The Last mercy Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Last mercy Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Last mercy Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The small village of Three Pines, where even at Christmas (and the action takes place in the Christmas season), life goes steadily and slowly. Similarly, steadily and slowly flowing narrative novel. Once again, I convinced that Louise Penny a master of detail. Everything is so well written, down to the last detail, that at some point, it begins to seem that already and itself exist picture in this. Not too busy detective, perhaps someone will seem boring, but the author so skillfully throws the puzzle and intrigue throughout the book, like a magician pulling a rabbit out of a hat, do not read to the end it is simply impossible. I liked about the meaning of life. And happiness. I am a happy man. And the most important thing that I know about it. And like God. Believe that in difficult times I will meet my personal Perhaps it should be said about the awards, which won the Louise Penny book:  «last favor » (A FATAL GRACE / DEAD COLD) In the list of US bestsellers, Australia, and Canada is one of the best books of 2007 the magazine Deadly Pleasures magazine the United States, Starred Reviews, Kirkus and Library journal  «What hides The dead man  »( « STILL LIFE  ») The winner of the prestigious Anthony award for the best debut novel in the United States. The winner of Barry awards approved by the readers of Mystery News and Deadly Pleasures Magazines  »in the US Winner of the Dilys Award -. in 2007, according to Aso iatsii store detective fiction in the United States, the book is very well sold 2006 New Blood Dagger -. 2006 for the best detective debut, the award given by the Association of British detective writers Arthur Ellis Award -. 2006 for the best detective debut, the award given detective novelist Canada. in the list of Canadas best-selling and the Association of detective fiction shops novel entered the top ten of the best detectives in 2006, according to the  «Kirkus Reiview ». and a few words from the most Louise: I grew up on the books of Agatha Christie and others ugih authors Zloty century detective. And I am deeply indebted to them. For many hours of comfort. And fun. For the opportunity to escape into a world that seemed to me my own. They were my companions at the time of loneliness. Created me company when I was sick.

Free Essays on Egyptian Kindoms

Egyptian art, works of art created in the geographic area constituting thenation of Egypt. It is one of the world's oldest arts.The art of predynastic EGYPT (c.4000–3200 B.C.), known from funerary offerings, consisted largely of painted pottery and figurines, ivory carvings,slate cosmetic palettes, and finely worked flint weapons. In painting,a monumental treatment was given to designs like those drawn in red colored pottery from Hieraconpolis, a palace city of upper Egypt.Toward the end of the predynastic period, sculptors began to carve monolithic figures of the gods from limestone, such as the Min at Coptos. In the protodynastic and early dynastic periods (3200–2780 B.C.) some Mesopotamian motifs began to appear. The craftsmanship of the finely worked stone bowls and vases of these periods is particularly remarkable.The Old Kingdom With the beginning of the Old Kingdom, centered at Memphis (2680–2258 B.C.), there was a rapid development of the stylistic conventions that characterized Egyptian art throughout its history. In relief sculpture and painting, the human figure was usually represented with the head in profile, the eye and shoulders in front view, and the pelvis, legs, and feet in profile (the law of frontality). There was little attempt at plastic or spatial illusionism. The reliefs were very low; relief and shallow intaglio are often found in the same piece. Color was applied in flat tones, and there was no attempt at linear perspective. A relief masterpiece from the I dynasty is the palette of Namer (Cairo). It represents animal and human forms in scenes of battle with the ground divided into registers and with emphasis on silhouettein the carving. In statuary in the round various standing and seated types were developed, but there was strict adherence to the law of frontality and a tendency to emphasize symmetry and to minimize suggestion of movement. Outstanding Old Kin... Free Essays on Egyptian Kindoms Free Essays on Egyptian Kindoms Egyptian art, works of art created in the geographic area constituting thenation of Egypt. It is one of the world's oldest arts.The art of predynastic EGYPT (c.4000–3200 B.C.), known from funerary offerings, consisted largely of painted pottery and figurines, ivory carvings,slate cosmetic palettes, and finely worked flint weapons. In painting,a monumental treatment was given to designs like those drawn in red colored pottery from Hieraconpolis, a palace city of upper Egypt.Toward the end of the predynastic period, sculptors began to carve monolithic figures of the gods from limestone, such as the Min at Coptos. In the protodynastic and early dynastic periods (3200–2780 B.C.) some Mesopotamian motifs began to appear. The craftsmanship of the finely worked stone bowls and vases of these periods is particularly remarkable.The Old Kingdom With the beginning of the Old Kingdom, centered at Memphis (2680–2258 B.C.), there was a rapid development of the stylistic conventions that characterized Egyptian art throughout its history. In relief sculpture and painting, the human figure was usually represented with the head in profile, the eye and shoulders in front view, and the pelvis, legs, and feet in profile (the law of frontality). There was little attempt at plastic or spatial illusionism. The reliefs were very low; relief and shallow intaglio are often found in the same piece. Color was applied in flat tones, and there was no attempt at linear perspective. A relief masterpiece from the I dynasty is the palette of Namer (Cairo). It represents animal and human forms in scenes of battle with the ground divided into registers and with emphasis on silhouettein the carving. In statuary in the round various standing and seated types were developed, but there was strict adherence to the law of frontality and a tendency to emphasize symmetry and to minimize suggestion of movement. Outstanding Old Kin...

European Union- Treaty of Lisbon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

European Union- Treaty of Lisbon - Essay Example The EU is simply a politico-economic union that comprises of 28 countries, primarily found in the continent of Europe. In its functioning, the union operates via systems that comprise of various supranatural and independent institutions as well as intergovernmental decisions that are negotiated by the member countries. Some of the institutions that facilitate the functioning of the European Union include the union’s parliament, EU council, the Union’s court of justice as well as the union’s central bank among others. It is important to note that the origin of the European can be traced back to the EEC (European Economic Community) and the ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community). These two unions were composed of six countries that were its founding members, between 1951 and 19581. The years that followed saw the union grow and increase in membership; this was also facilitated by the inclusion of several other treaties and policies. The members of the union as at 1993, created the current name of the EU after agreeing to the Maastricht treaty; this treaty was essential in establishment of the concept of European Citizenship2. The union stayed and functioned under the provisions of the Maastricht Treaty until in 2009, when the members states made some major amendments in the legal framework of the treaty. The treaty of Lisbon was signed in order to make amendments to the EU on basis of its constitution. This treaty is also referred to as the treaty of reform, according to the amendments and reforms in brought to the laws that created the European Union3. The treaty can simply be described as the international agreement that played a key role in the amendment of initial treaties that created the EU, forming the basis of its constitution. It is important to note that the Treaty of Lisbon came into effect after the member states signed into it in 2007, but was officially put into active use in 2009. The Lisbon treaty

Sustainability of the marine environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sustainability of the marine environment - Essay Example Researchers have argued that the realized unfavourable changes in the environment are a result of human actions that have been selfish to facilitate short-term utility at the expense of the environment. Consequences have included extreme emission of carbon monoxide gas among other green house gasses towards global warming and its secondary effects. Extinction of biotic factors has also been a significant factor in human actions. The marine environment has particularly realized diversified human activities such as marine transport and other economic activities like fishing that induce direct and indirect impacts on the environment. While responsible exploitation of the marine environment would ensure its sustainability, personal greed among economic stakeholders have identified threats to sustainability of the marine environment. I, in this paper, reflect on the current marine environment condition and achieved success in the environment’s sustainability. The marine environment is currently susceptible to diversifies sources of pollution that threatens its ecosystem. Human activities have continually polluted the marine environment, directly and indirectly, and the effects are significant to marine lives and derivable benefits from the biotic factors. Plastic debris is an example of significant pollutants in the environment and research indicates its role in killing the ecosystem’s fauna and flora. The litter that may be deposited in large masses through waste disposal or may accumulate over time affects marine animals by trapping them. This limits the animals’ survival potentials by hindering their locomotive potentials and reduces their ability to search for food and even defend themselves from predators in the ecosystem. The animas also suffer from intoxication when they ingest the litter that may be poisonous. Similarly, plastic debris may cause physical injury to the animals, and even plants, because of physical impacts as the debris ar e introduced into the environment. The plastic debris further has secondary effects as the primary death of plants and animals in the water masses further pollute the environment (Derraik 2002, p. 844- 850). Activities such as exploration of natural resources from marine base and chemical use on the water surface also identify current pollution of the environment. Oil spill that has been a significant problem in the past, with the Gulf of Mexico spill being the latest, together with oil leaks from vessels and machineries that operate on or below water surface have been major pollutants. Strong frameworks for preventing and managing further occurrence still lack and this demonstrate vulnerability of the environment and its habitats to future effects of the leaks and spills. Threats in oil spills affect marine habitats and hinder economic activities in the environment. It affects animals’ physiology and significant pollution levels may cause death. Chemical components of oil al so impair cells in marine plants and animals and may force the biotic factors out of their shelters. These effects result in ecosystem imbalance and have consequences on resources from the marine environment. Such pollutants may also hinder economic activities in the environment such as transport and resource exploitation. The direct role of human activities in the pollutions means that these factors can be regulated by ensuring responsible application of resources in the marine environment (ITOPF n.d., p. 2; Xhelilaj and Sinanaj 2010, p. 20, 21). Many threats have also been associated with different marine ecosystems. While these threats may not have direct pollutant effects on the environment, they affect marine lives and threaten economic

The Impact Of Airline Alliances Tourism Essay

The Impact Of Airline Alliances Tourism Essay At this moment, there are three main airline alliances around the globe. First of all, Star Alliance, which was created in 1997 and currently consisting of 27 member airlines (Star Alliance, 2012). Second, OneWorld, established in 1999 and presently having 12 members. Last, the youngest airline alliance is SkyTeam, formed in 2000 and consists now of 18 member airlines (SkyTeam, 2012). In the first chapter of this paper, the impacts of airline alliances on their members will be discussed. Second, the effects of allied airlines on non-member airlines will be argued. And finally, the influences of airline alliances on the airports they fly at will be explained. In each chapter, both positive and negative influences will be discussed. 1. Impacts on member airlines Positive impacts on member airlines Airline alliances have several positive impacts on their member airlines. In this paragraph, three examples of positive impacts will be explained. A first positive impact can be found in saving the airlines costs on various areas. For instance, when buying aircraft materials for maintenance purposes, member airlines can reduce the total costs by purchasing these resources together and may receive bulk discounts. The same counts for the bulk purchase of aircraft. For example, in 2003, four members of Star Alliance intended to bulk purchase up to 200 standardised regional aircraft (Doganis, 2006, p. 93). According to Doganis (2006), it is estimated that joint purchasing can cut the prices paid by up to seven per cent and eventually reducing the total invoice by up to a billion dollars every year (p. 93). Furthermore, the joint use of other services, for example ground handling or catering facilities, can also help in reducing airline costs (Bissessur Alamdari, 1998, p. 335). A second positive impact on member airlines can be retrieved in the increased passenger traffic. The cause of this increase is generally caused by the extension of the airlines network by using code-sharing (Bissessur Alamdari, 1998). Code sharing is beneficial for both the selling airline and the operating airline. On the one hand, it is advantageous for the selling airline as it is selling a ticket of the operating airline under its own designator code. This means that the selling airline gained access to new markets without having to operate their own aircraft there. On the other hand, the operating airline is likely to carry more passengers on board as the tickets are sold through more distribution channels than rather its own. A third positive impact can be found in the area of labour costs. Nowadays, labour costs represent quite a considerable part of an airlines operating cost. As can be seen in table 1.1, wages and associated costs of labour mostly account for 20 to 35 per cent of the airlines total operating cost Doganis (2006, p. 119). According to Doganis (2001), labour costs differ more between airlines in the same markets, unlike other costs as ground handling, fuel and airport fees. Iatrou (2004) gives two reasons how an airline alliance could help in reducing labour costs. First, the number of sales and ground personnel could be reduced by sharing offices at bases of another member airline, instead of maintaining its own offices across the globe. Second, it is argued that alliances facilitate member airlines to resort to the low-wage structure of its partners, for example cabin and cockpit crew, without saving on employee quality. Table 1 Wages and associated costs of labour as a percentage of total operating cost, 2002 North American European East Asian/Pacific SAS 34.4 Air France 33.5 Iberia 31.6 Delta 31.0 American 30.4 United 29.0 Northwest 28.1 KLM 26.4 Continental 26.1 Cathay Pacific US Airways 25.4 Air Canada 24.7 British Airways 24.3 Lufthansa* 23.4 SIA Japan Airlines Thai All Nippon Korean *Note: Lufthansa excludes maintenance staff Source: Doganis (2006, p. 119) Negative impacts on member airlines Although alliances have several positive effects on member airlines, being in an alliance could also have some negative impact on member airlines. First, it is argued that participating in an alliance could affect an airlines brand image (Kleymann Seristà ¶, 2004). This problem may be triggered by the variety of images within the alliance. The authors suggest that it could be possible that an image for an alliance is created that is unlike the image of any of the affiliated airlines. However, a concession between the images of the most dominant member airlines is considered to be more likely. Especially for smaller airlines it could be considered to be hard to adapt to the created image of the alliance (p. 120). A second negative effect could be conflicting agreements. Iatrou (2004) explains that it is likely that all alliances members use the same supplier. Before an airline accesses to an alliance, it usually has long-standing relationship with different suppliers, such as catering, Central Reservation System (CRS) and so on. The airline may find it difficult to rescind these contracts because of possible penalties as a consequence. Moreover, when an airline agrees on a new supplier, it will very likely have to invest time and money in getting familiarised with the new suppliers and their systems (p. 114). This brings us to a third possible negative effect. Increased costs for an airline could be considered as another probable negative impact on member airlines. Next to the regular subscription fee that a member airline has to pay, Iatrou (2004) mentions the so-called sunk-costs for the airline. These tangible expenses cover all adjustments that have to be made in order to meet the alliances requirements, like the aircraft interior. These investments are to be made to ensure effective alliance operations and to have consistent commitment of the member airlines to the alliance. Especially for relatively small airlines, these costs can be seen as a considerable investment, which might make them more dependent on the alliance (p. 115-116). 2. Impacts on non-member airlines 2.1. Positive impacts on non-member airlines During the last decades, several so called alliances have been formed in the airline industry. According to Stanford-Smith, Chiozza Edin (2002), a strategic alliance can be explained as any form of long-term cooperation between. 2.2. Negative impacts on non-member airlines As for the negative effects on non-member airlines, the tough competition can be considered as the main one. Bjà ¶rk (2002) explains the consequences of competition between allied airlines and non-partner airlines. The author argues that airlines that dominate a hub are likely to receive a greater number of slot allowances at their main hubs, which will probably lead to some anti-competitive concerns. Bjà ¶rk continues by giving the example of a measure initiated by the US Department of Transport (DOT) to reduce this anti-competitive situation. First of all, the US DOT has recognised that where service in the market is constrained by slot availability, a hub carrier with access to a large pool of slots has even greater availability to respond in entry in an anti-competitive way because the entrant will be unable to add capacity on its own. As a consequence, in order to stimulate competition in some markets, the US DOT has granted a restricted number of slot freedoms to new airlines that wish to compete in that particular market. Regrettably, the approach of the US DOT did not increase the competition in these markets. The reason given for this was that new players do not find it economically justified to enter into a market which is dominated by a single hub airline in order to participate (Young, 1999). Bjà ¶rk (2002) argues that this reasoning can be easily relied on the market shares of hub airlines. Figure 1 shows the airline market share at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport over 2011. It can be clearly seen that KLM Royal Dutch Airlines (KL) is by far the largest operator at Schiphol Airport with a market share of nearly 50 per cent. A hub carrier as KLM has created over the years a constant increase share of available slots at their hub airports, which according to the author are called fortress hubs (p. 29). However, congested hubs are not the only causes of anxiety on anti-competition. Figure 1 Airline market share at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport over 2011 based on air transport movements Source: compiled by the author; data source Schiphol (2011, p. 25) As airlines join together in alliances the aviation market will become more concentrated. This will increase the risk of collusion between the remaining market participants. At many of these airports governments have found it necessary to divide runway utilisation into time-defined segments known as slots and allocate them to airlines that wish to operate from the airport. 3. Impacts on airports 3.1. Positive impacts on airports The presence of airline alliances has various positive impacts on airports. As all members in an alliance have an extended destination network, because of the connectivity possibilities of their alliance partners, it can be argued that the number of transfer passengers at airports increases. Figure 2 shows that the number of transfer passengers at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport in the Netherlands has rose steadily from 18 million in 2004 up to 20.3 million in 2008 (Schiphol, 2011). It can be believed that the presence of the SkyTeam alliance, which uses Amsterdam Schiphol as a hub, has contributed to the growth of transfer passengers. As a consequence, this increasing number of transfer passengers has also a positive effect on the purchase of duty-free products in the airport shops. In order to increase the sales at airport shops, an airport can decide on opening speciality stores which may interest international transfer passengers. To come back on the example of Amsterdam Schiphol, in the past years it has opened more luxury duty-free stores as a reply to the increasing demand by especially Russian and Asian transfer passengers. This includes a Finest Spirits Cigars store and a store that focusses on the sale of various chocolate products. (Schiphol, 2011, p. 58). Figure 2 The number of transfer passengers (in millions) at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport (2004-2011) Source: compiled by the author data source: Schiphol (2012) 3.2. Negative impacts on airports In contrast with the various positive effects of airline alliances on airports, there are also some downsides. As airline alliances bring an increased number of additional traffic, congestion at an airport can be considered as a negative effect, particularly at peak times. Especially when there is an ineffective use of the airport infrastructure, it can be hard to harmonise the flights in a short timeframe (Dennis, 2001). At many of this type of airport it has been considered unavoidable to split the use of the runway into time-defined segments commonly known as slots (Bjà ¶rk, 2002, p. 28). According to IATA (2011), slots can be defined as a permission given by a coordinator for a planned operation to use the full range of airport infrastructure necessary to arrive or depart at an [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] airport on a specific date and time (p. 11). Besides, most flights at hubs are scheduled in so called waves. In each wave, a large number of arriving flights in a short timeframe is followed by more or less the same number of departures, after allowing some time for reallocation of passengers and luggage. For example, figure 3 shows the wave system of Germanys flag carrier Lufthansa at Munich Airport, which consists of four waves during a regular weekday. Figure 3 Wave-system analysis, Lufthansa, Munich Source: Burghouwt (2007), p. 69 As airports do not have an unrestricted peak capacity, especially during such a wave, airlines are ought to adapt their schedules. Dennis (2001) discusses two main options for rescheduling. First, flights can be added to the borders of the present waves. Second, new waves can be developed to accommodate these additional flights. With regard to the number of connections, the first option is more likely to be chosen. However, while extending the current wave, the connection time will also increase. Figure 4 implies that a wave with approximately 50 aircraft is likely to be the best option. Passing this number could involve extra waiting time for passengers, which could result in an increased peak load on the terminal building (p. 2). A second negative impact on airports is the investment that airports have to make for alliances in order to accommodate seamless transfer connectivity. In order to reduce the Minimum Connecting Time (MCT) for passengers, airports have done some adjustments to their infrastructure. An example is Brussels Airport in Belgium, which upgraded their customs and immigration facilities to create a better flow of passengers transferring from a Schengen origin to a Non-Schengen destination. Some airports are not designed to accommodate traffic from airline alliances. For example, when an airport has multiple terminals that are not located near each other. This might take a passenger a long time to transfer when alliance partners are spread over multiple terminals, affecting the MCT as well (Dennis, 2001). Figure 4 Increase in connections with wave size (based on 60 arrivals/departures per hour and 30 minute minimum connecting time) Source: Dennis (2001, p. 2). Conclusion During the last decades, several so called alliances have been formed in the airline industry. According to Stanford-Smith, Chiozza Edin (2002), a strategic alliance can be explained as any form of long-term cooperation between

Abortion Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abortion has been around since ancient times as a crude method of birth control. Many religions during this time forbade the practice of abortion. Abortion was not illegal in most countries until the 19th century. The law against abortion during this time period forbade the procedure after fetal movement could be felt. However in the 20th century many nations began to relax their laws against abortion. Today, all types of abortions are legal except the partial birth abortion, which will be described later. This procedure is only allowed if the fetus is showing severe deformities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"An abortion is the termination of pregnancy before birth, resulting in, or accompanied by, the death of the fetus†(Encarta Encyclopedia). Not all abortions are intentional- these are specified as miscarriages. A miscarriage is when the fetus does not develop properly or the mother has some type of injury or disorder that is harmful to the fetus and causes it to die. I will go into great detail about the abortions that are induced, because the pregnancy is unwanted or presents a health risk to the mother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are different types of procedures that are used determining the length of the pregnancy. The age of the fetus, or the length of the pregnancy establishes the method that is chosen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first method uses two drugs that when put together cause the death of the fetus. Misoprostol and methotrexate, an anticancer drug, interfere with cell division. A doctor first injects the pregnant women with the drug methotrexate, and then a week later misoprostol. Misoprostol lead to uterine contractions and forces out the fetus. This combination is 95 percent effective is most women who consume them. Yet, with most drugs they cause side effects. The most common side effects are nausea, cramping, and bleeding. There are more serious side effects such as, arrhythmia, edema, and pneumonia, which affect the heart and lungs and further causes death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first four to six weeks of pregnancy, the procedure called preemptive abortion is done. Which corresponds with the method done the first six to eight weeks, early uterine evacuation. Both these procedures are done by the insertion of a narrow tube called a cannula into the cervix and then into the uterus. The cannula is then attached to a suction device, which could be a syringe or somethin... ...a Catholic high school I was taught the laws of the Church. Yet, I don’t know if I would be able to follow those laws if I was presented with that situation at this time in my life. I also feel that even if laws are passed making abortion illegal, it will still be present in our world. People will find a way to have the procedure done. Whether in a dark alley, or in a certified doctor’s office with a doctor who’s looking to make some extra cash. Once the idea is put into someone’s mind, it will never disappear. Someone will always be willing g to provide you, the women, with the procedure. This is also the case with many worldwide issues today. Such as, euthanasia, racism, and certain drug use. I know I sound as if I am contradicting myself by saying; no you shouldn’t kill because it is morally wrong, yet if I were to get pregnant I would seriously consider having an abortion. It really boils down to one point- I am not ready for such a problem. I do not have the authority to take someone’s life away from them, which is only to be decided by God but I’m not ready to bring a child into this world either. For now on I will be cautious, and put great thought into my decisions.

Culture & country Essay

There is no country today whose culture and values are so isolated from the mainstream of the world. The preservation of their thoughts and peculiarities as people has been, not just a social phenomenon, but a proof that no culture is so exact or perfect to any community on earth. Each is tailored-fit to that specific tribe, community, or people. The Philippines was colonized by the United States for more or less half a century. Many Filipinos today, act, think, and work like any American their age. Just consider the fashion and music people from these two nations enjoy. A closer look will reveal that Filipinos prefer the same type of music and clothing just as the same as any American. However, while cultural subjugation may be present, since US has largely dominated the thoughts of Filipinos, striking differences cannot be denied. On Family matters, Filipinos usually ask the permission of their parents before engaging in marriage. The groom’s family pays visit to the bride’s home to discuss matters regarding the wedding. Most of the time, the parents’ have their last say on almost all conceivable aspects of marriage. It is a truism, that Filipinos hold the idea that marriage is not just union of individuals but of families, as well. On the contrary, weddings, American style are commonly planned by the couples themselves and the parents have little or no influence at all in the preparation and ceremony itself. Furthermore, many of Filipino women today are still dependent to their spouses. Largely, their women are more patriarchal in orientation in terms of family life than their American counterparts. On the other hand, American women are more independent and self-actualized individuals, while Filipinos are very family-dependent people. As proof, they would usually live in one house or in one neighborhood together with the clan, very different from American families who usually live far from each other. This reveals the close-family ties of the Filipinos, compared to the independent-minded thoughts of the Americans. While this issue is so simple, the effect is profound and cannot be diminished. The family is a microcosm of the entire society and the mirror of the entire nation. It is where all social contexts are indexed and all values are reflected. Source: Shead, M. T. ed. (2006). Family Structure. retrived May 9, 2006, from Living in the Philippines. Website:http://www. livinginthephilippines. com/philculture/family. html

The Deaf And Male And Female By Erik Erikson s Stage Of...

Our topic of focus will be deaf individuals, both male and female, ages six through twelve in Erik Erikson’s stage of Industry versus Inferiority. We chose the deaf because they are a vulnerable population with a small community, and face language and communication barriers which can affect development. Since we were born with no hearing loss, we felt it is important to understand how we as future Registered Nurses (R.N.) can communicate effectively with these children. We want to be able to provide well rounded care, and give these families the most positive experiences possible. As we proceed, many of our sources are older than five years. Studies regarding the deaf don’t occur very often so resources regarding statistics in particular of this population are few and far between (Deaf Culture Competencies and Best Practices, 2014). Because of this, we felt it was important to include them regardless of their age because of the great insight and information they provid e pertaining to the deaf population in general and within healthcare. The United States traditional majority consists of white, middle class individuals who speak English. We chose to focus on the United States in general because deafness is not associated with one state alone, but all over the world. Based on a survey taken between 1988 and 1994, 14.9% of children age six through nineteen experienced hearing loss (Hearing Loss in Children, 2015). Compared with the traditional majority, the children affectedShow MoreRelatedFactors Affecting Motivation to Learn English25117 Words   |  101 Pagescharacteristics in the learning process. There are series of barrier to overcome in the process of language acquisition. To overcome the barriers, it is necessary for the individual to make the language a part of the self as he goes through the many stages that he must master in the process. Ruth Wong studied the motivation of two groups of Hong Kong students with different cultural background (local born and newly arrived) and examined the relationship betwee n their motivation to learn English and